What scalability features are characteristic of monolithic systems and how are they implemented?

Monolithic systems are usually scaled vertically, meaning increasing the resources of a single server (CPU, RAM). This is because all functionality is contained within one application, making it difficult to scale individual parts separately.

Features of monolith scalability:

• Vertical scaling: adding resources to one server.
• Horizontal scaling: possible, but requires running multiple copies of the entire application and load balancing.
• Limited flexibility: harder to scale individual modules independently.

Implementation:

• Using load balancers to distribute requests among multiple instances.
• Caching to reduce load on the database and application.
• Code and database optimization to improve performance.

Example: running multiple copies of a monolithic application behind an Nginx load balancer to distribute traffic.