Explain how memory is organized in the Java virtual machine.

In Java, the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) organizes memory into several main areas:

• Heap — the area for storing objects and arrays. Dynamic memory allocation occurs here during program execution. Garbage collection manages heap memory.
• Stack — each thread has its own stack, where method call frames are stored. Each frame contains local variables, parameters, and return addresses.
• Method Area — stores class metadata, constants, static variables, and bytecode of methods.
• Program Counter (PC) Register — stores the address of the current instruction for each thread.
• Native Method Stack — used for native (non-Java) method calls.

This separation allows JVM to manage memory efficiently, ensure thread isolation, and optimize garbage collection.