How can global exceptions of type Exception be caught in a handler to identify and operate on a specific user error subtype?

In Java, you can catch global exceptions of type Exception in a catch block, and then use the instanceof operator to determine whether the caught exception is a specific user-defined subtype. This allows handling specific errors separately.

Example:

try {
    // code that may throw an exception
} catch (Exception e) {
    if (e instanceof MyCustomException) {
        MyCustomException customEx = (MyCustomException) e;
        // handle custom error
    } else {
        // handle other exceptions
    }
}

This approach is useful when you need to centrally catch exceptions but differentiate their types for specific handling.