What approaches do you use to improve the efficiency of database query execution when working with large volumes of data?

To improve the efficiency of database queries when working with large volumes of data, the following approaches can be used:

• Pagination (dividing into pages) — load data in parts to avoid overloading memory and network.
• Using indexes — properly configured indexes speed up search and selection.
• Query optimization — avoid redundant JOINs, select only necessary fields (SELECT specific columns).
• Caching — store frequently requested data in memory or specialized caches.
• Batch operations — perform insertions or updates in batches to reduce the number of database accesses.
• Streaming processing — receive data in parts without loading the entire result at once.

Example of pagination using JPA:

Pageable pageable = PageRequest.of(pageNumber, pageSize);
Page<Entity> page = repository.findAll(pageable);
List<Entity> entities = page.getContent();