What methods are used to manage execution threads to prevent races and ensure synchronization?

The following synchronization methods are used in Java to manage execution threads and prevent data races:

• synchronized keyword — blocks a method or code block so that only one thread can execute it at a time.

• Lock objects (Lock) from java.util.concurrent.locks — a more flexible mechanism that allows explicitly acquiring and releasing locks.

• Volatile variables — ensure visibility of variable changes between threads but do not guarantee atomicity.

• Atomic classes (AtomicInteger, AtomicReference, etc.) — provide atomic operations without using locks.

• Semaphores, barriers, counters, and other primitives from java.util.concurrent — for more complex synchronization.

Example of using synchronized:

public class Counter {
    private int count = 0;

    public synchronized void increment() {
        count++;
    }

    public synchronized int getCount() {
        return count;
    }
}

This approach prevents multiple threads from simultaneously modifying the count variable, avoiding data races.