What problems can arise from improper database normalization?

Incorrect database normalization can lead to several problems:

• Data redundancy: without normalization, the same data may be stored in multiple places, increasing volume and complicating updates.

• Update anomalies: when data is changed in one place, it may be forgotten to be updated elsewhere, leading to inconsistency.

• Query complexity: redundant or poorly structured data can make writing and optimizing queries more difficult.

• Performance issues: redundancy and duplication can slow down insert, update, and delete operations.

• Maintenance difficulties: poorly normalized structure is harder to understand and modify.

Proper normalization helps avoid these problems, ensuring data integrity and operational efficiency.