What would you choose — JDBC Template or ORM, and why?

The choice between JDBC Template and ORM depends on the project requirements and tasks.

JDBC Template is a simplified way to work with JDBC, which makes writing SQL queries and processing results easier, but requires manual SQL writing. It provides full control over queries and is suitable when high performance and precise SQL management are needed.

ORM (e.g., Hibernate) automates database interactions, allowing you to work with objects rather than SQL directly. This speeds up development, reduces boilerplate code, and makes maintenance easier, but can lead to less optimal queries and loss of control.

When to choose:

• If the project is complex, with a lot of business logic and object relationships, ORM is better.
• If performance and control over SQL are important, or the project is small — JDBC Template.

Example of using JDBC Template:

String sql = "SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = ?";
User user = jdbcTemplate.queryForObject(sql, new Object[]{id}, new BeanPropertyRowMapper<>(User.class));

Example with ORM (Hibernate):

User user = session.get(User.class, id);