init: int a = 0 int b = 0 volatile int c = 0 t1: a = 1 b = 2 c = 3 t2: println(c) println(b) println(a)

In this example, the variable c is declared with the volatile modifier, which in Java means that reading and writing this variable will be immediately visible to all threads, without caching in registers or local caches of the processor.

Sequence of operations:

• Initialization: a = 0, b = 0, volatile int c = 0
• In thread t1: a = 1, b = 2, c = 3
• In thread t2: output c, b, a

Since c is volatile, the write c = 3 in t1 is guaranteed to be visible in t2 when reading c. However, a and b are not volatile, and without additional synchronization, their values in t2 may be outdated (0), as changes might not be visible due to caching.

Thus, volatile ensures the visibility of variable changes between threads but does not guarantee atomicity or operation ordering with other variables. For complete synchronization, mechanisms like locks or atomic operations should be used.