What consequences can arise from mutual dependency injection between two beans A and B?

Mutual dependency injection (circular dependency) between two beans A and B leads to several problems:

• Object creation issues: The IoC container may fail to correctly create the beans, as creating A requires B, and creating B requires A.
• Initialization may loop or cause errors: Depending on the framework, this can lead to a StackOverflowError or a runtime error.
• Maintenance and testing complexity: Such dependencies complicate understanding the architecture and make unit testing more difficult.

To avoid these problems, the following are often used:

• Lazy initialization (e.g., @Lazy annotation in Spring).
• Introducing a third bean that encapsulates common logic.
• Revising the architecture to eliminate cyclic dependencies.