What methods and tools have you used for working with databases in your projects?

For working with databases in Java projects, I have used several approaches and tools:

• JDBC — for direct execution of SQL queries, when maximum flexibility is needed.
• ORM libraries like Hibernate or JPA — for convenient object-to-table mapping and CRUD operations.
• Spring Data JPA — for simplifying repository writing and automatic query generation.
• Using transaction management via Spring Transaction Management to ensure data integrity.

Example of using Spring Data JPA:

public interface UserRepository extends JpaRepository<User, Long> {
    List<User> findByLastName(String lastName);
}

This allows quick data retrieval without writing SQL.