How is data protected in a certificate using encryption?

Data in certificates are protected using cryptographic methods, in particular, with digital signatures and encryption.

A certificate contains a public key and information about the owner, as well as a signature from the certification authority (CA). The signature is created using the CA's private key and serves to verify the authenticity of the certificate.

Data encryption in a certificate is not always applied directly, but during the establishment of a secure connection (for example, TLS), the public key from the certificate is used to exchange secret keys, which are then used for symmetric encryption of data.

Thus, encryption ensures confidentiality, and digital signatures ensure data integrity and authenticity in the certificate.