What operations in Java require handling checked exceptions?

In Java, checked exceptions require mandatory handling or declaration in the method signature. Such operations include, for example:

• Working with files and input/output (IOException) — reading/writing files, working with streams.
• Working with network connections (e.g., SocketException).
• Using classes for serialization (ClassNotFoundException).
• Working with databases via JDBC (SQLException).
• Using Reflection API (InvocationTargetException).

Example:

try {
    FileReader reader = new FileReader("file.txt");
    // reading the file
} catch (IOException e) {
    e.printStackTrace();
}

Thus, operations related to external resources and potentially unstable conditions most often require handling checked exceptions.