What limitations exist when using lazy loading in Hibernate?

Lazy loading in Hibernate allows deferring the loading of related entities until they are actually used. However, there are some limitations:

• "LazyInitializationException" problem: if the Hibernate session is closed, and you try to access a lazily loaded field, an exception will be thrown because the data was not loaded.

• Need for an open session: lazy objects can only be initialized within an active session.

• Potential performance issues: multiple lazy loads can lead to the "N+1 queries" problem, where a separate query is executed for each record.

• Restrictions on collection types: some collections or relationship types may not support lazy loading or may require additional configuration.

To avoid these problems, the following are often used:

• Opening a session during object operations (Open Session in View).
• Explicitly initializing lazy collections using Hibernate.initialize().
• Using eager loading where justified.