How can exceptions be handled without using try-catch constructs?

Handling exceptions without using try-catch can be done in several ways:

1. Declare the exception in the method signature (throws) Allows passing the exception handling to the calling code.

   public void readFile() throws IOException {
       // code that may throw IOException
   }
   

2. Use framework-level handlers For example, in Spring, you can use @ExceptionHandler for centralized exception handling.

3. Use functional interfaces with exception handling Wrap calls in methods that handle exceptions themselves.

4. Use resource management constructs (try-with-resources) Although this is also a try, it does not require a catch if you do not want to handle the exception inside.

Thus, if you do not want to use try-catch inside a method, you can declare the exception in throws and handle it higher up the call stack.