In which scenarios is denormalization used in a database?

Denormalization in a database is applied in the following scenarios:

• When there is a need to improve read performance by reducing the number of JOIN operations.
• In systems with a high volume of read requests and relatively few updates.
• To simplify complex queries and accelerate analytical reports.
• In cases where query latency is critical, such as in real-time systems.

Example: instead of storing the user's address in a separate table, it is copied into the orders table to quickly retrieve the address when displaying the order without an additional JOIN.