For what reasons can an excessive call to the database occur?

Excessive database calls can occur for several reasons:

• Lack of caching: data is requested repeatedly, even though it could be stored in memory.
• Incorrect query design: for example, lack of joins, leading to multiple individual calls.
• Poor logic in code: repeated queries in loops or during UI rendering.
• Lack of pagination or filtering: queries return too much data, requiring additional requests.
• Suboptimal use of ORM: lazy loading can lead to many small queries.

To address this, consider using caching, optimizing queries, applying eager loading, and carefully designing data access logic.