What methods of environment setup besides using configuration profiles are there?

In addition to using configuration profiles in Java (e.g., Spring Profiles), there are other methods of environment setup:

• Environment Variables: allow setting configuration parameters outside the code, which is convenient for different environments (dev, test, prod).

• Properties Files: different configuration files can be used for different environments and loaded programmatically.

• Command-line Arguments: parameters can be passed at application startup, allowing dynamic configuration changes.

• JNDI (Java Naming and Directory Interface): often used in application containers for resource configuration.

• Database Configuration: some applications store settings in a database and load them at startup.

• Using Java System Properties: via -D parameters when launching the JVM.

Example of loading an environment variable in Spring Boot:

@Value("${MY_ENV_VAR:default_value}")
private String myEnvVar;

Here, MY_ENV_VAR is an environment variable, and default_value is the default value.