How does the JVM ensure the execution of Java programs on different operating systems?

JVM (Java Virtual Machine) ensures the portability of Java programs thanks to the principle of "Write Once, Run Anywhere." Java code is first compiled into bytecode — an intermediate format independent of the platform. Each operating system's JVM implements an interpreter and/or JIT compiler that translates bytecode into machine code understandable by the specific OS and hardware. Thus, the same Java program can run on different OSes without changes, as JVM abstracts the platform-specific features.