Who initiates the execution of methods in the controller within the application architecture?

In application architecture, for example in MVC (Model-View-Controller), the execution of methods in the controller is usually initiated by the framework or application server in response to incoming user requests.

When a user sends an HTTP request (for example, through a browser), the web server or framework intercepts this request and, based on routing, determines which controller and which method need to be called to handle this request.

Thus, the initiator of the controller methods call is the application infrastructure (web server, framework), which processes incoming requests and directs them to the appropriate controller methods.