Describe how memory management occurs in JVM and what problems can arise from incorrect memory parameter settings for large backend applications.

Memory management in JVM is based on an automatic garbage collector, which frees unused objects. Memory is divided into several areas:

• Heap — the main area for object placement. It is divided into generations: Young Generation and Old Generation.
• Metaspace — stores class metadata.
• Stack — used for storing local variables and method calls.

Problems with improper memory configuration:

• OutOfMemoryError — occurs when the heap or metaspace is full.
• Frequent garbage collection (GC pauses) — can lead to delays and reduced performance.
• Memory shortage — leads to frequent GC and degraded operation.

For large backend applications, it is important to properly configure heap sizes, GC parameters (for example, choosing the appropriate algorithm: G1, CMS, etc.), and monitor memory usage to avoid downtime and errors.