In what situations should checked exceptions be avoided?

Checked exceptions in Java require mandatory handling or declaration in the method signature. They should be avoided in the following situations:

• When the exception cannot be effectively handled locally and is only propagated further — this leads to verbose code with many try-catch or throws.
• In cases where the exception occurs very frequently and is not an exceptional situation, such as data validation — this reduces performance and complicates the code.
• If the exception is related to programming errors (e.g., NullPointerException), it is better to use unchecked exceptions (RuntimeException).
• In APIs where ease of use is more important than strict error handling, checked exceptions can complicate the interface.

In such cases, it is better to use unchecked exceptions or alternative error handling mechanisms.