In what cases does Kotlin automatically or explicitly create an instance of a class?

In Kotlin, creating an instance of a class explicitly with the new operator is not required; you can simply call the constructor directly, for example:

val obj = MyClass()

Instances are created automatically in certain cases, such as:

• When using singleton objects (object), which are lazily created upon first access.
• When using delegates, like by lazy, where the object is created upon the first call.
• In annotations and some frameworks, where instances are created via reflection or factories.

Explicit creation of an instance is a direct call to the constructor.

Automatic creation occurs when the system or framework creates the instance without a direct constructor call in the code, for example, singleton object or lazy properties.