What architectural patterns or methods have you used when creating a user interface?

When creating a user interface, the following architectural patterns and methods are often used:

• MVC (Model-View-Controller) — separates application logic, presentation, and control, simplifying maintenance and testing.
• MVVM (Model-View-ViewModel) — especially popular in iOS with SwiftUI or RxSwift, helps separate UI from business logic through bindings.
• VIPER — a more modular approach, dividing responsibilities into View, Interactor, Presenter, Entity, and Router, improving scalability.

Example of a simple MVVM in Swift:

class ViewModel {
    var data: Observable<String> = Observable("")
    func fetchData() {
        // load data
        data.value = "New data"
    }
}

// View subscribes to data changes and updates UI automatically

The choice of pattern depends on project complexity and team.