What processes are launched and how do the internal components of a machine work when sending a network request?

When sending a network request in an operating system and at the machine level, several key stages occur:

1. Application forms the request — in Go, this could be a call to http.Get or creating a TCP connection.
2. System call — the request is passed to the OS kernel via a system call (e.g., send(), connect()).
3. OS network stack — the kernel processes the request, passing through the levels of the OSI model:
   • Application layer — protocol is formed (HTTP, FTP, etc.).
   • Transport layer — TCP/UDP establishes a connection, segments data.
   • Network layer — IP addressing and routing.
   • Data link layer — frame formation for transmission over the physical network.
4. Network adapter drivers — data is transferred to the network card.
5. Physical layer — bits are transmitted over a cable or wireless network.

Internal components of the machine, such as the kernel's network stack, drivers, and hardware devices, work together to ensure data transfer from the application to the network and back.

Example in Go:

resp, err := http.Get("https://example.com")
if err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}
defer resp.Body.Close()
body, _ := ioutil.ReadAll(resp.Body)
fmt.Println(string(body))

This code initiates a network request that passes through the levels described above.