In which cases can Atomic not be used instead of Mutex?

Atomic operations are suitable for simple cases where you need to safely read or write individual primitive values (e.g., int32, int64, pointers) without locks. However, they cannot be used instead of Mutex in the following cases:

• When you need to protect complex data structures or multiple related variables simultaneously.
• If you need to ensure atomicity of multiple operations (e.g., check and change state).
• For operations that are not supported by atomic primitives (e.g., operations on slices, maps, structs).
• When lock blocking with waiting is required (e.g., condition variables).

Mutex provides more versatile and safe synchronization, although with overhead for locking.