How can the problem of query degradation for write and read in a single table with an index be solved by scaling the database? Do methods like sharding and partitioning help?

The problem of degraded read and write requests in a single table with an index is often related to increased load and data volume. The following methods are used for database scaling:

• Sharding — dividing data across different servers or databases by a key (for example, by user). This reduces the load on each individual server and allows parallel processing of requests.

• Partitioning — logically dividing a table into parts within a single database (for example, by date ranges). This speeds up queries because operations are performed only on the necessary partitions.

Both methods help but solve different problems:

• Sharding scales horizontally, increasing overall throughput.
• Partitioning optimizes working with large tables, reducing search and lock times.

Together, they can significantly improve performance with large data volumes and high load on read and write operations.