Why does data serialization with Protocol Buffers take up less space compared to JSON?

Protocol Buffers (protobuf) occupy less space compared to JSON because:

• Binary format: protobuf serializes data into a compact binary format, whereas JSON is a text format with redundant characters (quotes, commas, spaces).
• Absence of repeating keys: in protobuf, the data structure is predefined by a schema, so field names are not written in each message, unlike JSON where keys are repeated.
• Type optimization: protobuf uses efficient encoding methods for numbers and other types (e.g., varint for integers), reducing size.

As a result, protobuf provides more compact and faster data storage and transmission, especially important for resource-constrained systems or high-load environments.