Describe the operation of several network protocols at a high level.

HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is the main protocol for web communication. The client sends a request to the server (e.g., GET to retrieve a page), the server processes the request and sends a response (page, data, status). The state is not preserved between requests (stateless). HTTPS is a secure version of HTTP, using TLS/SSL for encryption, ensuring confidentiality and integrity. TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is a transport layer protocol that establishes reliable connections, guarantees packet order, and retransmits lost packets. UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is a connectionless transport protocol that sends packets without guarantees of delivery or order, used for streaming, gaming, DNS. DNS translates domain names to IP addresses, working as a distributed database. Example HTTP request and response are provided in the original text.