To what extent do null safety systems prevent runtime errors?

Null safety systems significantly reduce the likelihood of runtime errors related to null value access, such as NullPointerException. They require developers to explicitly specify which variables can be null and which cannot, and check this at compile time.

This allows potential errors to be detected before the program runs, increasing the reliability and safety of the code. However, null safety does not prevent all types of runtime errors, but it substantially reduces the class of errors related to null.