How can you restrict the execution of a one-time command by a user with sudo privileges?

There are several ways to restrict a privileged user with sudo from executing a command only once:

1. Sudoers configuration: In the /etc/sudoers file, you can explicitly specify which commands are allowed for the user, and use the NOEXEC option to prevent the execution of child processes.

2. Wrapper scripts: Instead of directly calling the command via sudo, create a script that checks whether the command has already been executed (for example, by creating a flag in the filesystem).

3. Limiting via PAM or external tools: You can set restrictions at the PAM level or use access control systems.

Example of sudoers configuration to allow only one command:

username ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: /usr/bin/command

To restrict execution to only once, the script can check for the presence of a flag file and refuse to run again.

Simple wrapper script example:

#!/bin/bash
FLAGFILE="/var/run/command_executed.flag"
if [ -f "$FLAGFILE" ]; then
  echo "The command has already been executed."
  exit 1
else
  touch "$FLAGFILE"
  /usr/bin/command "$@"
fi

This way, the user can execute the command only once until the flag file is removed.