What methods can be used to deploy and publish applications in Kubernetes clusters?

There are several main methods for deploying and publishing applications in Kubernetes clusters:

• kubectl apply — the most basic method, where resource descriptions (Deployment, Service, ConfigMap, etc.) are written in YAML manifests and then applied with the command kubectl apply -f <file>.

• Helm — a package manager for Kubernetes. It allows creating, versioning, and distributing applications as charts. It simplifies managing complex configurations and dependencies.

• Kustomize — a tool for declarative management of Kubernetes configurations with the ability to override parameters without copying manifests.

• CI/CD pipelines — automation of deployment through continuous integration and delivery systems (Jenkins, GitLab CI, ArgoCD, etc.), which can use kubectl, Helm, or other tools.

• Operators — special controllers that automate the management of the application lifecycle in Kubernetes.

Example of basic deployment using kubectl:

kubectl apply -f deployment.yaml
kubectl apply -f service.yaml

Where deployment.yaml describes containers and the number of replicas, and service.yaml describes the access method to the application.