How is the intensity of file system usage determined in the Linux operating system?

The intensity of filesystem usage in Linux can be assessed using several tools and metrics:

• The df command shows the total and available disk space for each filesystem.
• The du command allows you to find out how much space a specific directory or file occupies.
• The iostat command from the sysstat package displays input/output statistics for devices, including disks, which indirectly reflect filesystem load.
• The iotop command shows current processes with the highest disk subsystem load.
• Monitoring inotify can show the number of filesystem events.

For example, to see disk usage by partitions:

df -h

To assess input/output activity:

iostat -dx 1

Thus, the intensity is determined by indicators of space usage, read/write operation speeds, and activity of processes working with files.