What tools are used for database migrations (e.g., PostgreSQL) in CI/CD pipelines?

For PostgreSQL database migrations in a CI/CD pipeline, the following tools are often used:

• Flyway — a simple and popular tool for managing migration versions, supporting SQL and Java migrations.
• Liquibase — more powerful, with the ability to describe migrations in XML, YAML, JSON, or SQL.
• Alembic — used if Python and SQLAlchemy are in use.
• Sqitch — a tool with a declarative approach to migrations.

In the pipeline, migrations are usually run as a separate step that applies new changes to the database before deploying the application. This helps synchronize the database structure with the code version.

Example of using Flyway in CI:

flyway -url=jdbc:postgresql://localhost:5432/db -user=user -password=pass migrate