How is the degree of load on the file system determined in the Linux operating system?

In Linux, the load on the filesystem can be determined using several tools and metrics:

• iostat — shows input/output statistics for devices, including filesystems.
• vmstat — displays overall system load, including input/output operations.
• dstat — combines data on CPU, disks, network, and filesystem.
• iotop — shows processes actively using the disk.
• sar — collects and displays performance statistics, including disk activity.

Main indicators of filesystem load:

• Number of read/write operations per second (IOPS).
• Data transfer volume (Throughput).
• Input/output wait time (await).
• Disk utilization percentage (util).

For example, the command iostat -x 1 will show extended disk statistics with updates every second, allowing real-time load assessment.