Which file systems support dynamic inodes?

For most modern file systems, dynamic allocation of inodes is characteristic. For example, XFS, ZFS, Btrfs, ext4.

In these file systems, the number of inodes is not fixed at the creation of the file system but grows as needed, as long as there is free space on the disk. This helps avoid inode shortage problems if the number of small files exceeds expectations.

Unlike older file systems like ext2 or ext3, where the number of inodes was determined at formatting and was static.