How is error handling performed when writing bash scripts?

Error handling in bash scripts can be done in several ways:

1. Checking command return codes — after executing a command, you can check the $? variable, which contains the return code (0 — success, any other value — error).

cp source.txt dest.txt
if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
  echo "File copy error"
  exit 1
fi

2. Using set -e — the script will automatically terminate if any command fails.

set -e
cp source.txt dest.txt  # if the command fails, the script will stop

3. Error handling with trap — allows executing specific actions when errors or signals occur.

trap 'echo "An error occurred!"; exit 1' ERR

4. Using conditional operators and checks for more flexible error handling.

By combining these methods, you can effectively control and handle errors in bash scripts.