What methods and approaches ensure high availability and reliability of PostgreSQL database operation?

The following methods and approaches are used to ensure high availability and reliability of PostgreSQL:

• Replication: setting up streaming replication to create backups and ensure fault tolerance.
• Failover and automatic switching: using tools like Patroni, repmgr, or pg_auto_failover for automatic switching to a backup server in case of primary failure.
• Backup creation: regularly creating backups using pg_dump, pg_basebackup, or system snapshots.
• Monitoring and alerting: configuring database health monitoring (e.g., with Prometheus and Grafana) for timely problem detection.
• Performance parameter tuning: optimizing configuration to prevent failures under load.
• Use of clusters and sharding: for scaling and load distribution.

Example of streaming replication setup:

# On the primary server
wal_level = replica
max_wal_senders = 3

# On the replica
standby_mode = on
primary_conninfo = 'host=primary_host port=5432 user=replicator password=secret'