What are the typical performance indicators of disk system speed in the Linux operating system?

The typical performance indicators of disk systems in Linux depend on the type of storage device (HDD, SSD, NVMe) and configuration. Common metrics used for assessment include:

• Sequential read/write speed — measured in MB/s. For HDDs, it is usually 80-160 MB/s; for SATA SSDs, 200-550 MB/s; for NVMe SSDs, 1000 MB/s and above.
• IOPS (Input/Output Operations Per Second) — important for random access. HDDs typically provide a few hundred IOPS, SSDs tens of thousands or more.
• Response time (latency) — the wait time for an operation, milliseconds for HDDs, microseconds for SSDs.

To measure speed in Linux, utilities such as dd, fio, iostat, hdparm are often used.

Example command to measure write speed:

sudo dd if=/dev/zero of=/tmp/testfile bs=1G count=1 oflag=dsync

Results will help understand the actual performance of the disk subsystem.