How can you find out details about the operating system, such as version and family?

Using command line commands.

Here are some examples for different operating systems:

Linux:

# Show kernel information
uname -a

# Show full distribution information
cat /etc/os-release

Windows:

# Show system information
systeminfo

# Show Windows version information
Get-ComputerInfo | Select-Object WindowsProductName, WindowsVersion

macOS:

# Show system information
system_profiler SPSoftwareDataType

# Show macOS version
sw_vers

In most cases, the command uname -a is a good starting point for obtaining basic system information on Unix-like OSes. For more detailed information, distribution- or OS-specific commands and files are used.