How to monitor disk load in Linux?

In Linux, several tools are used to monitor disk load:

• iostat (from the sysstat package) — shows I/O statistics, disk load, and wait times.

  iostat -x 1
  

• iotop — displays processes actively using the disk in real-time.

  sudo iotop
  

• vmstat — provides overall system statistics, including I/O blockages.

  vmstat 1
  

• dstat — a combined resource monitoring tool, including disk.
• sar — collects and displays historical disk statistics.

These tools help understand how heavily the disk is loaded, identify bottlenecks in I/O performance, and determine which processes are causing the load.