How is access control implemented for non-standard resources?

Access management for non-standard resources (e.g., custom APIs, hardware devices, internal services) is implemented in several ways:

• Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) — assigning roles and permissions at the application or infrastructure level.
• Policy-based Access Control — defining rules that are checked when access is attempted.
• Using proxies or gateways — access to the resource goes through a controlling component that verifies permissions.
• Tokens and access keys — issuing and verifying special tokens (e.g., JWT) or API keys.
• Authentication and authorization mechanisms — integration with OAuth, LDAP, Active Directory systems.
• Control at the OS or container level — for example, using SELinux, AppArmor, or file system permission settings.

Example: to access a non-standard API, an intermediate service can be implemented that checks the user's JWT token and, based on roles, allows or denies calls.