What steps need to be taken to create a Kubernetes cluster from scratch (step by step)?

1. Prepare servers (virtual or physical) for the master and workers.
2. Install the OS and configure the network, disable swap.
3. Install Docker or another container runtime on all nodes.
4. Install kubeadm, kubelet, and kubectl on all nodes.
5. Initialize the master using kubeadm init.
6. Configure kubeconfig for cluster access.
7. Install a network plugin (e.g., Calico, Flannel) to enable network communication between pods.
8. Add workers to the cluster using the kubeadm join command, with the token generated on the master.
9. Check the cluster and node status with kubectl get nodes.

These are the basic steps to create a Kubernetes cluster from scratch.