What components are responsible for managing process execution in Python?

In Python, process execution management is carried out using several key components:

• subprocess module — allows creating new processes, managing their input/output, and waiting for their completion.
• multiprocessing module — provides an interface for parallel execution of code in separate processes, which is useful for bypassing the GIL.
• threading module — manages threads within a single process, but not processes.
• Python interpreter — itself manages bytecode execution, context switching, and thread scheduling.

For example, to launch an external process and get the result, subprocess.run is used:

import subprocess
result = subprocess.run(['ls', '-l'], capture_output=True, text=True)
print(result.stdout)