How is system stability achieved in case of failure of individual nodes?

System stability in case of failure of individual nodes is achieved through the following approaches:

• Redundancy and backup: duplication of critical components and services so that when one node fails, another can take over its functions.
• Load balancing: distributing requests among multiple nodes, which helps prevent overloads and ensures fault tolerance.
• Monitoring and automatic recovery: monitoring systems track node status and automatically restart services or switch traffic in case of failure.
• Use of clusters and distributed systems: for example, databases with replication and quorum, which continue to operate despite the loss of some nodes.

Example: in Kubernetes, the failure of one pod does not stop the service, as controllers automatically create a new pod, and the load balancer distributes traffic among available pods.