What are the methods of data transformation between types in programming?

In C#, there are several ways to convert data between types:

• Implicit conversion — performed automatically by the compiler when the conversion is safe (e.g., from int to long).
• Explicit conversion (or casting) — requires explicit indication, for example (int)doubleValue.
• Convert methods — the Convert class provides methods for converting between primitive types, for example Convert.ToInt32(string).
• Parse and TryParse methods — for converting strings to numeric types, for example int.Parse("123") or int.TryParse("123", out int result).
• as operator — for safe reference type casting, returns null if it fails.

Example of explicit conversion:

double d = 9.78;
int i = (int)d; // i will be 9