What methods of working with databases do you know?

Main methods of optimizing database operations:

• Indexing: creating indexes on frequently queried columns to speed up searches.
• Query optimization: writing efficient SQL queries, avoiding excessive JOINs and subqueries.
• Caching: using cache for frequently requested data to reduce database load.
• Normalization and denormalization: structuring data properly to balance speed and integrity.
• Pagination: loading data in parts to avoid overloading memory and network.
• Using prepared statements for improved performance and security.
• Monitoring and performance analysis: using profilers and execution plans to identify bottlenecks.

Example of indexing in SQL:

CREATE INDEX idx_user_email ON users(email);