What are the key features when initializing the Linux operating system kernel?

The Linux kernel initialization involves several key stages:

• Real mode and transition to protected mode: after the bootloader, control is transferred to the kernel, which switches the processor from real mode to protected mode to utilize advanced CPU features.

• Memory initialization: the kernel detects available physical memory, sets up page tables, and virtual memory.

• Hardware device initialization: hardware detection and configuration occur, including processors, interrupt controllers, timers, and input/output devices.

• Kernel subsystem startup: subsystems such as process management, the filesystem, and network stack are initialized.

• Starting the init process: after initializing all necessary components, the kernel launches the first user process (usually /sbin/init), responsible for further system startup.

This sequence of initialization ensures the system is ready for operation.