In what cases might object destructors not be called when an exception occurs?

In C++, object destructors are usually called when exiting a scope or when deleting an object. However, in the case of an exception, destructors may not be called in the following cases:

• If an exception occurs in the constructor of an object, the destructor for that object is not called because the object is considered not fully constructed.
• If an exception occurs while handling another exception (for example, during exception unwinding), and std::terminate is called, destructors will not be invoked.
• When using functions like std::terminate or std::abort, the program terminates without calling destructors.

Therefore, it is important to manage resources properly using RAII (Resource Acquisition Is Initialization) to ensure resources are released even in the presence of exceptions.