What new features were introduced in C++ in the 2011 version?

In C++11, significant improvements and new features were introduced, including:

• Automatic type deduction (auto) — allows the compiler to determine the variable type automatically.
• Enhanced lambda expressions — anonymous functions with the ability to capture variables.
• Smart pointers (std::unique_ptr, std::shared_ptr) — for safe memory management.
• Constant expressions (constexpr) — compile-time computations.
• Range-based for loops — simplified syntax for iterating over collections.
• Move semantics and rvalue references — optimization for resource transfer.
• static_assert — compile-time condition checking.
• New data types (nullptr, enum class) — safe null pointer and type-safe enumerations.
• Multithreading (std::thread, std::mutex) — standard library support for threading.

Example of using auto and lambda:

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>

int main() {
    std::vector<int> v = {1, 2, 3, 4};
    for (auto x : v) {
        std::cout << x << " ";
    }
    std::cout << std::endl;

    auto sum = [](int a, int b) { return a + b; };
    std::cout << sum(3, 4) << std::endl;
    return 0;
}