What methods are used to perform type conversion in software?

In C/C++, type casting is performed using the following methods:

1. C-style cast: (type)expression — simple and universal, but less safe.

int i = (int)3.14;

2. **static_cast** — for explicit type conversion, checks compatibility at compile time.
   ```cpp
int i = static_cast<int>(3.14);

3. dynamic_cast — used for safe conversion of pointers or references within an inheritance hierarchy, with runtime checking.

Base* b = new Derived(); Derived* d = dynamic_cast<Derived*>(b);

4. **const_cast** — for removing or adding the const qualifier.
   ```cpp
const int* p = &i;
int* q = const_cast<int*>(p);

5. reinterpret_cast — for low-level type conversions, such as between pointers of different types.

long p = reinterpret_cast<long>(ptr);

Each method has its own use cases and safety level.